South Africa, located in the southern tip of Africa, shares borders with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini, Lesotho, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. With nearly one-fifth of its extensive 3,000-kilometer (km) coastline having been developed within 100 meters (m) of the shoreline, natural buffers against storm surges and rising seas have been degraded. South Africa is vulnerable to droughts, floods, and storm-related events, such as high winds, coastal storm surges, and hail.